

A | 由芝加哥大学、麦克马斯特大学和巴斯德研究所进行的这项研究的结果于10月19日发表在《自然》杂志上。 Actress Sreeleela has called out the misuse of artificial intelligence and deepfake-style content. She took to Instagram to share a bold message against the misuse of AI and wrote, "I put my hands together and request every social media user not to support AI-generated nonsense. There is a difference between using and abusing technology. Advancements in technology are meant to simplify life, not complicate it, in my opinion." She continued, "Every girl out there is a daughter, granddaughter, sister, friend, or colleague, even if she chooses art as one of her professions. We wish to be part of an industry that spreads joy, with the confidence that we are in a protected environment. I have been unaware of many things happening online due to my schedule, and I thank my well-wishers for bringing this to my notice. I have always taken things with a pinch of salt and lived in my own world, but this is deeply disturbing and devastating. I also see my fellow colleagues going through the same and am reaching out on behalf of everyone. With grace and dignity, and with trust in my audience, I ask you to please stand by us. The authorities will be taking it over from here." Take a look at her post: View this post on Instagram A post shared by SREELEELA (@sreeleela14) Meanwhile, on the work front, the actress will be seen making her Bollywood debut opposite Kartik Aaryan in Anurag Basu's next. According to reports, she has also joined the cast of Choomantar. Choomantar is an upcoming fantasy romantic drama, starring Abhay Verma. The film initially featured Ananya Panday as the leading lady. The makers were planning to commence shooting in January 2026, but the dates will supposedly clash with that of Ananya’s other project, Call Me Bae 2. This unfortunate situation prompted Ananya to exit the project. And according to the grapevine, Sreeleela has landed the role. The actress recently took part in a test photoshoot too and the makers of Choomantar are said to be very satisfied with Sreeleela's casting. Moreover, she is also paired opposite Ibrahim Ali Khan in an upcoming Hindi film, Diler, which is currently in production, too. Also Read: Sreeleela Joins Choomantar Cast Along With Abhay Verma。

B | 由鼠疫耶尔森菌(Yersinia pestis)引起的全球大流行的鼠疫在北非、欧洲和亚洲的城市中消灭了30%至60%的人,对人类产生了巨大的影响--显然还有我们的基因组。这项研究的共同第一作者、芝加哥大学遗传医学教授Luis Barreiro博士说:“这是一种非常直接的方式来评估单一病原体对人类进化的影响。人们猜测了很久,黑死病可能是一个强有力的选择原因,但在观察现代人群时很难证明这一点,因为人类在当时和现在之间不得不面对许多其他选择压力。解决这个问题的唯一方法是缩小我们所关注的时间窗口。

C | ”在这项研究中,科学家们利用测序技术的最新进展,检查了来自伦敦和丹麦的200多人的骨骼中的古代DNA样本,这些人在1340年代末“黑死病”瘟疫席卷该地区之前、期间和之后死亡。

D | 利用对一组300个免疫相关基因的定向测序,他们确定了四个基因,根据变体的不同,这些基因可以保护人们免受鼠疫耶尔森菌的侵害或增加对鼠疫耶尔森菌的敏感性。Barreiro说:“据我所知,这是第一次证明黑死病确实是人类免疫系统进化的一个重要选择压力。”研究小组锁定了一个与易感性有特别紧密联系的基因:ERAP2。

E | 拥有一个特定遗传变体(被称为rs2549794)的两个拷贝的人能够产生ERAP2转录本的全长拷贝,因此产生更多的功能性蛋白质,而另一个变体则导致了转录本的截断和非功能性版本。功能性ERAP2在帮助免疫系统识别感染的存在方面发挥着作用。Barreiro说:“当巨噬细胞遇到一个细菌时,它会把它切成碎片,以便将它们呈现给其他免疫细胞,发出有感染的信号。拥有该基因的功能版本似乎创造了一种优势,可能是通过增强我们的免疫系统感知入侵病原体的能力。

F | 根据我们的估计,拥有两份rs2549794变体的人比拥有两份无功能变体的人更有可能在黑死病中幸存下来。”研究小组甚至还测试了rs2549794变体如何影响活人细胞帮助对抗瘟疫的能力,确定表达该变体两个拷贝的巨噬细胞与没有该变体的巨噬细胞相比,在中和鼠疫耶尔森菌方面更有效率。鼠疫耶尔森菌研究组组长、巴斯德研究所世界卫生组织鼠疫合作中心主任Javier Pizarro-Cerda博士说:“在体外检查ERAP2变体的影响使我们能够从功能上测试不同的变体如何影响现代人的免疫细胞在受到活的鼠疫耶尔森菌挑战时的行为。这些结果支持古代DNA证据,即rs2549794对鼠疫有保护作用。”研究小组进一步得出结论,对rs2549794的选择是进化对我们基因组的平衡行为的一部分;虽然ERAP2对黑死病有保护作用,但在现代人群中,同一变体与自身免疫性疾病的易感性增加有关,包括作为克罗恩病的一个已知风险因素。“像黑死病这样的疾病和流行病在我们的基因组上留下了影响,就像考古项目要检测的那样,”麦克马斯特大学人类学教授、该研究的共同第一作者Hendrik Poinar博士说。“这是第一次看到大流行病如何改变我们的基因组,但在现代人口中没有被发现。这些基因处于平衡选择之下--在数百年的瘟疫流行期间提供了巨大的保护,现在却变成了与自身免疫有关。

G | 过度活跃的免疫系统在过去可能是很好的,但在今天的环境中,它可能没有那么大的帮助。”未来的研究将扩大项目的规模,以检查整个基因组,而不仅仅是一组选定的免疫相关基因;而且该团队希望探索影响现代人对细菌的敏感性的基因变体,并将其与这些古代DNA样本进行比较,以确定这些变体是否也是自然选择的结果。“有很多关于病原体如何塑造人类进化的讨论,所以能够正式证明哪些途径和基因被作为目标,真的有助于我们了解是什么让人类适应并存在于今天,”Barreiro说。“这告诉我们使我们在整个历史上得以生存的机制,以及为什么我们今天还在这里。
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